Ash hazards and impacts - respiratory

Physicochemical or geochemical, Toxicological

• Tomašek, I., Eychenne, J., Damby, D. E., Hornby, A. J. , Romanias, M. N., Moune, S., Uzu, G., Schiavi, F., Dole, M., Gardés, E., Laumonier, M., Gorce, C., Minet-Quinard, R., Durif, J., Belville, C., Traoré, O., Blanchon, L., Sapin, V., (2025), Physicochemical Properties and Bioreactivity of Sub‐10 μm Geogenic Particles: Comparison of Volcanic Ash and Desert Dust, GeoHealth, Volume 9, Issue 1, 28 pages, 10.1029/2024GH001171
• Wertheim, D., Coldwell, B., Miyashita, L., Gill, I., Crust, S., Giddens, R., Perez, N. M., Petford, N., Grigg, J., (2023), Confocal microscopy 3D imaging and bioreactivity of La Palma volcanic ash particles, Science of the Total Environment, 899, 165647, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165647
• Sauzéat, L., Eychenne, J., Gurioli, L., Boyet, M., Jessop, D. E., Moretti, R., Monrose, M., Holota, H., Beaudoin, C., Volle, D. H., (2022), Metallome deregulation and health-related impacts due to long-term exposure to recent volcanic ash deposits: New chemical and isotopic insights, Science of the Total Environment, 289, 154383, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154383
• Tomašek, I., Damby, D. E., Andronico, D., Baxter, P. J., Boonen, I., Claeys, P., Denison, M. S., Horwell, C. J., Kervyn, M., Kueppers, U., Romanias, M. N., Elskens, M., (2021), Assessing the biological reactivity of organic compounds on volcanic ash: implications for human health hazard, Bulletin of Volcanology, 83(5), 1-11, 10.1007/s00445-021-01453-4
• Ledda, C., Rapisarda, V., Bracci, M., Proietti, L., Zuccarello, M., Fallico, R., Fiore, M., Ferrante, M., (2013), Professional exposure to basaltic rock dust: assessment by the Vibrio fischeri ecotoxicological test, Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 8, 23, 10.1186/1745-6673-8-23
• Monick, M. M., Baltrusaitis, J., Powers, L. S., Borcherding, J. A., Caraballo, J. C., Mudunkotuwa, I., Peate, D. W., Walters, K., Gudmundsson, G., Comellas, A. P., (2013), Effects of Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash on innate immune system responses and bacterial growth in vitro, Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(6), 691-698, 10.1289/ehp.1206004
• Hillman, S. E., Horwell, C. J., Densmore, A., Damby, D. E., Fubini, B., Ishimine, Y., Tomatis, M., (2012), Sakurajima volcano: a physico-chemical study of the health consequences of long-term exposure to volcanic ash, Bulletin of Volcanology, 74, 913–930, 10.1007/s00445-012-0575-3
• Jones, T. P., BéruBé, K. A., (2011), The bioreactivity of the sub-10 μm component of volcanic ash: Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 194, 128-134, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.092
• Le Blond, J. S., Horwell, C. J., Baxter, P. J., Michnowicz, S. A. K., Tomatis, M., Fubini, B., Delmelle, P., Dunster, C., Patia, H., (2010), Mineralogical analyses and in vitro screening tests for the rapid evaluation of the health hazard of volcanic ash at Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea, Bulletin of Volcanology, 72, 1077-1092, 10.1007/s00445-010-0382-7
• Lee, S. H., Richards, R. J., (2004), Montserrat volcanic ash induces lymph node granuloma and delayed lung inflammation, Toxicology, 195(2-3), 155-165, 10.1016/j.tox.2003.09.013
• Housley, D. G., BéruBé, K. A., Jones, T. P., Anderson, B. S., Pooley, F. D., Richards, R. J., (2002), Pulmonary epithelial response in the rat lung to instilled Montserrat respirable dusts and their major mineral components, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(7), 466–472, 10.1136/oem.59.7.466
• Wilson, M. R., Stone, V., Cullen, R. T., Searl, A., Maynard, R. L., Donaldson, K., (2000), In vitro toxicology of respirable Montserrat volcanic ash, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(11), 727-733, 10.1136/oem.57.11.727
• Graham, J. A., Miller, F. J., Davies, D. W., Hiteshew, M. E., Walsh, L. C., (1985), Inhalation studies of Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash in animals. I. Introduction and exposure system, Environmental Research, 37(1), 61-71, 10.1016/0013-9351(85)90049-0
• Green, F. H. Y., Bowman, L., Castranova, V., Dollberg, D. D., Elliot, J. A., Fedan, J. S., Hahon, N., Judy, D. J., Major, P. C., Mentnech, M. S., Miles, P. R., Mull, J. C., Olenchock, S. A., Ong, T., Pailes, W. M., Resnick, H., Stettler, L. E., Tucker, J. G., Vallyathan, V., Whong, W., (1982), Health implications of the Mount St. Helens’ eruption: Laboratory investigations, Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 26, 921-933, 10.1093/annhyg/26.8.921

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance

• Benavides-Cordoba, V., Suarez, A., Guerrero-Jaramillo, D., Silva-Medina, M., Betancourt-Peña, J., Palacios-Gómez, M, (2024), Respiratory and physical health consequences in older adults in a high-risk volcanic area: Comparison of two rural villages, PLOS ONE, 19(9), e0310659, 10.1371/journal.pone.0310659
• Rodríguez-Pérez, M. C., Fuentes Ferrer, M. E., Boada, L. D., Afonso Pérez, A. D., Daranas Aguilar, M. C., Ferraz Jerónimo, J. F., García Talavera, I., Vizcaíno Gangotena, L., Hardisson de la Torre, A., Simbaña-Rivera, K., Cabrera de León, A., (2024), Health impact of the Tajogaite volcano eruption in La Palma population (ISVOLCAN study): rationale, design, and preliminary results from the first 1002 participants, Environmental Health, 23, 19, 10.1186/s12940-024-01056-4
• Ruano-Ravina, A., Orlando, A., Díaz Pérez, D., Casanova, C., Velasco, V., Peces-Barba, G., Barreiro, E., Cañas, A., Castaño, A., Cruz Carmona, M. J., Diego, C., Garcia-Aymerich, J., Martínez, C., Molina-Molina, M., Muñoz, X., Sánchez-Íñigo, F. J., Candal- Pedreira, C., (2023), A longitudinal and multidesign epidemiological study to analyze the effect of the volcanic eruption of Tajogaite volcano. The ASHES study protocol, Environmental Research, 216(2), 114486, 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114486, Full reference to be added when fully published
• Zabert, I., Benitez, S., Zabert, G. E., (2019), Impact on the respiratory airways of acute exposure to volcanic ash in the Patagonia: cross-sectional study, Revista Americana de Medicina Respiratorio, 2, 119-124
• Hlodversdottir, H., Thorsteinsdottir, H., Thordardottir, E. B., Njardvik, U., Pétursdóttir, G., Hauksdottir, A., (2018), Long-term health of children following the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption: a prospective cohort study., European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(2), 10.1080/20008198.2018.1442601
• Hlodversdottir, H., Pétursdóttir, G., Carlsen, H. K., Gislason, T., Hauksdottir, A., (2016), Long-term health effects of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption: a prospective cohort study in 2010 and 2013, BMJ Open, 6(9), 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011444
• Cadelis, G., (2013), Exacerbations of asthma in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) and volcanic eruption in Montserrat (70km from Guadeloupe), Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 30(3), 203-214, 10.1016/j.rmr.2012.11.002, Paper is in French
• Lombardo, D., Ciancio, N., Campisi, R., Di Maria, A., Bivona, L., Poletti, V., Mistretta, A., Biggeri, A., Di Maria, G. , (2013), A retrospective study on acute health effects due to volcanic ash exposure during the eruption of Mount Etna (Sicily) in 2002, Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 8, 51, 10.1186/2049-6958-8-51
• Oudin, A., Carlsen, H. K., Forsberg, B., Johansson, C., (2013), Volcanic ash and daily mortality in Sweden after the Icelandic volcano eruption of May 2011, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(12), 6909-6919, 10.3390/ijerph10126909
• Carlsen, H. K., Gislason, T., Benediktsdottir, B., Kolbeinsson, T. B., Hauksdottir, A., Thorsteinsson, T., Briem, H. , (2012), A survey of early health effects of the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption in Iceland: a population-based study, BMJ Open, 2:e000343, 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000343
• Higuchi, K., Koriyama, C., Akiba, S., (2012), Increased mortality of respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, in the area with large amount of ashfall from Mount Sakurajima volcano, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, Article ID 257831, 10.1155/2012/257831
• Fano, V., Cernigliaro, A., Scondotto, S., Perucci, C. A., Forastiere, F., (2010), The fear of volcano: short-term health effects after Mount Etna's eruption in 2002, European Respiratory Journal, 36(5), 1216-1218, 10.1183/09031936.00078910
• Naumova, E. N., Yepes, H., Griffiths, J. K., Sempertegui, F., Khurana, G., Jagai, J. S., Jativa, E., Estrella, B., (2007), Emergency room visits for respiratory conditions in children increased after Guagua Pichincha volcanic eruptions in April 2000 in Quito, Ecuador Observational Study: Time series analysis, Environmental Health, 6, 21, 10.1186/1476-069X-6-21
• Shimizu, Y., Dobashi, K., Hisada, T., Ono, A., Todokoro, M., Iijima, H., Utsugi, M., Kakegawa, S., Iizuka, K., Ishizuka, T., Morikawa, A., Mori, M., (2007), Acute impact of volcanic ash on asthma symptoms and treatment, International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 20(Suppl 2), 9-14, 10.1177/03946320070200S203
• Diana, B., Finocchiaro, A. M., La Delfa, S., Patane, G., Presti, F., Timpanaro, M., Tringali, G., (2006), Aerobiological monitoring applications in the Etnean volcanic plume evaluation (Mt. Etna, Sicily) and correlation with allergopathies, Aerobiologia, 22(4), 285-293, 10.1007/s10453-006-9042-y
• Shojima, J., Ikushima, S., Ando, T., Mochida, A., Yanagawa, T., Takemura, T., Oritsu, M., (2006), A case of volcanic ash lung: report of a case, Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi, 44(3), 192-6, Article in Japanese (English abstract)
• Fano, V., Cernigliaro, A., Scondotto, S., Cuccia, M., Forastiere, F., Nicolosi, A., Oliveri, C., Scillieri, R., Distefano, P., Perucci, C. A., (2005), Health effects of environmental contamination due to volcanic ash of Mount Etna in autumn 2002, Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, 29(3-4), 180-7, Article in Italian (Abstract in English)
• Forbes, L., Jarvis, D., Potts, J., Baxter, P. J., (2003), Volcanic ash and respiratory symptoms in children on the island of Montserrat, British West Indies, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(3), 207-211, 10.1136/oem.60.3.207
• Sasayama, H., Aoyagi, K., Tagawa, Y., Tagawa, M., Mori, K., Honda, S., Takemoto, T. I., (2002), The effects of volcanic disaster on the prevalence and severity of bronchial asthma, Acta medica Nagasakiensia, 47(1-2), 31-36
• Tobin, G. A., Whiteford, L. M., (2001), Children’s health characteristics under different evacuation strategies: the eruption of Mount Tungurahua, Ecuador, Applied Geography Conference, 24, 183-191, URL for paper not working. Remove if turns out to be an abstract.
• Hickling, J., Clements, M., Weinstein, P., Woodward, A., (1999), Acute health effects of the Mount Ruapehu (New Zealand) volcanic eruption of June 1996, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 9(2), 97-107, 10.1080/09603129973236
• Uda, H., Akiba, S., Hatano, H. , Shinkura, R., (1999), Asthma-like disease in the children living in the neighborhood of Mt. Sakurajima, Journal of Epidemiology, 9(1), 27-31, 10.2188/jea.9.27
• Bradshaw, L., Fishwick, D., Kemp, T., Lewis, S., Rains, N., Slater, T., Pearce, N., Carne, J., (1997), Under the volcano: fire, ash and asthma?, The New Zealand Medical Journal, 110(1040), 90-91
• Yano, E., Yokoyama, Y., Higashi, H., Nishii, S., Maeda, K., Koizumi, A., (1990), Health effects of volcanic ash - a repeat study, Archives of Environmental Health, 45(6), 367-373, 10.1080/00039896.1990.10118757
• Wakisaka, I., Yanagihashi, T., Sato, M., Tomari, T., (1989), Health effects of volcanic air pollution--an analysis of the national health insurance, Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi, 44(5), 977-86, Article in Japanese (English abstract)
• Wakisaka, I., Yanagihashi, T., Tomari, T., Ando, T., (1988), Effects of volcanic activity on the mortality figures for respiratory diseases, Japanese Journal of Hygiene, 42(6), 1101-1110, 10.1265/jjh.42.1101 , Article in Japanese
• Higashi, H., Yano, E., Yokoyama, Y., Nishii, S., Koizumi, A., Maeda, K., (1987), Seasonal variations in the responses to a respiratory symptom questionnaire: a study in an area exposed to volcanic ash, Japanese Journal of Public Health, 34, 453-458, Article in Japanese (English abstract)
• Yano, E., Higashi, H., Nishii, S., Koizumi, A., Yokoyama, Y., (1987), Pulmonary function of loggers exposed to the volcanic ash from Mt. Sakurajima, Japanese Journal of Public Health, 34, 251-254, Article in Japanese (English abstract)
• Wakisaka, I., Yanagihashi, T., (1986), Week-to-week variations in mortality in areas exposed to volcanic air pollution, Journal of the Japanese Society of Air Pollution, 21(4), 322-329, Article in Japanese (English abstract)
• Bernstein, R. S., Baxter, P. J., Falk, H., Ing, R., Foster, L., Frost, F., (1986), Immediate public health concerns and actions in volcanic eruptions: lessons from the Mount St. Helens eruptions, May 18- October 18, 1980, American Journal of Public Health, 76(suppl), 25-37, 10.2105/AJPH.76.Suppl.25
• Wakisaka, I., Yangihashi, T., Ono, M., Hirano, S., (1985), Health Effects of volcanic activities of Mt, Sakurajima in the mortality statistics, Journal of the Japanese Society of Air Pollution, 20(2), 120-127, Article in Japanese (English abstract)
• Kraemer, M. J., McCarthy, M. M., (1985), Childhood asthma hospitalization rates in Spokane County, Washington, Journal of Asthma, 22, 37-43, 10.3109/02770908509079882
• Yoshida, Y., (1984), Health effects of volcanic ashes from Mt. Sakurajima on the school children, Igaku Kenkyu, 54(3), 235-78, N/A, Article in Japanese (English abstract). No online version found
• Wakisaka, I., Yangihashi, T., Tomari, T., (1984), Effects of the volcanic activities of Mt. Sakurajima on mortality figures, Japanese Journal of Public Health, 31(10), 548-556, Article in Japanese (English abstract)
• Vallyathan, V., Mentnech, M. S., Tucker, J. H., Green, F. H., (1983), Pulmonary response to Mount St. Helens' volcanic ash, Environmental Research, 30(2), 361-371., 10.1016/0013-9351(83)90221-9
• Baxter, P. J., Ing, R., Falk, H., Plikaytis, B., (1983), Mount St. Helens eruptions: the acute respiratory effects of volcanic ash in a North American community, Archives of Environmental Health, 38, 138-143, 10.1080/00039896.1983.10543994
• Wakisaka, I., Yanagihashi, T., Tomari, T., Ando, T., (1983), Effect of volcanic activities of Mt. Sakurajima on mortality due to respiratory diseases, Japanese Journal of Public Health, 30(3), 109-116, Article in Japanese (English abstract)
• Wakisaka, I., Yanagihashi, T., Tomari, T., Ando, T., (1983), Health effects of volcanic activities of Mt. Sakurajima on school children, Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi, 30(3), 101-108, Article in Japanese (English abstract). No online version found
• Olenchock, S. A., Mull, J. C., Mentnech, M. S., Lewis, D. M., Bernstein, R. S., (1983), Changes in humoral immunologic parameters after exposure to volcanic ash, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 11(3), 395-404., 10.1080/15287398309530353
• Nania, J. M., Bruya, T. E., (1982), In the wake of Mount St. Helens, Annals of Emergency Medicine, 11, 184-191, 10.1016/S0196-0644(82)80495-2
• Research Committee on Volcanic Emissions, (1982), Research report on the human effect of volcanic exhaust (Sakurajima), 1980–1981 report, Tuberculosis and chronic disease division, Public Health Bureau, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Na., Article in Japanese (English abstract)

Physicochemical or geochemical

• Horwell, C. J., Damby, D. E., Stewart, C., Joseph, E. P., Barclay, J, Davies, B. V., Mangler, M. F., Marvin, L. G., Najorka, J., Peek, S., Tunstall, N., (2024), Physicochemical hazard assessment of ash and dome rock from the 2021 eruption of La Soufrière, St Vincent, for the assessment of respiratory health impacts and water contamination, The 2020–21 Eruption of La Soufrière Volcano, St Vincent, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, Geological Society of London, 539, 311-329, 10.1144/SP539-2023-46, R.E.A. Robertson, E.P. Joseph, J. Barclay, R.S.J. Sparks
• Trejos, E. M., Silva, L. F., Hower, J. C., Flores, E. M., González, C. M., Pachón, J. E., Aristizábal, B. H., (2021), Volcanic emissions and atmospheric pollution: A study of nanoparticles., Geoscience Frontiers, 12(2), 746-755, 10.1016/j.gsf.2020.08.013
• Ermolin, M. S., Fedotov, P. S., Malik, N. A., Karandashev, V. K., (2018), Nanoparticles of volcanic ash as a carrier for toxic elements on the global scale, Chemosphere, 200, 16-22, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.089
• Shruti, V. C., Rodríguez-Espinosa, P. F., Martinez-Tavera, E., Hernández-Gonzalez, D., (2018), Metal concentrations in recent ash fall of Popocatepetl volcano 2016, Central Mexico: Is human health at risk?., Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 162, 324-333, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.067
• Aguilera, C., Viteri, M., Seqqat, R., Ayala Navarrette, L., Toulkeridis, T., Ruano, A., Torres Arias, M., (2018), Biological impact of exposure to extremely fine-grained volcanic ash, Journal of Nanotechnology, 2018, 7543859, 10.1155/2018/7543859
• Fedotov, P. S., Ermolin, M. S., (2017), Study on the elemental composition of environmental nanoparticles separated in a rotating coiled column: How hazardous may be urban dust and volcanic ash, Nano Hybrids and Composites, 13, 288-293, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/NHC.13.288
• Horwell, C. J., Sargent, P., Andronico, D., Lo Castro, M. D., Tomatis, M., Hillman, S. E., Michnowicz, S. A. K., Fubini, B., (2017), The iron-catalysed surface reactivity and health-pertinent physical characteristics of explosive volcanic ash from Mt. Etna, Italy, Journal of Applied Volcanology, 6(1): 12, 10.1186/s13617-017-0063-8
• Damby, D. E., Llewellin, E. W., Horwell, C. J., Williamson, B. J., Najorka, J., Cressey, G., Carpenter, M. A., (2014), The α-β phase transition in volcanic cristobalite, Journal of Applied Crystallography, 47, 1205-1215, 10.1107/S160057671401070X
• Daga, R., Guevara, S. R., Poire, D. G., Arribére, M., (2014), Characterisation of tephras dispersed by the recent eruptions of volcanoes Calbuco (1061), Chaitén (2008) and Cordón Caulle Complex (1960 and 2011), in Northern Patagonia, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 49, 1-14, 10.1016/j.jsames.2013.10.006
• Horwell, C. J., Hillman, S. E., Cole, P. D., Loughlin, S. C., Llewellin, E. W., Damby, D. E., Christopher, T., (2014), Controls on variations in cristobalite abundance in ash generated by the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat in the period 1997-2010, The Eruption of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat from 2000 to 2010, Memoir of the Geological Society of London , Geological Society of London, Chapter 21. 39: 399-406, 10.1144/M39.21, Wadge, G. , Robertson, R., Voight, B.
• Gislason, S. R., Hassenkam, T., Nedel, S., Bovet, N., Eiriksdottir, E. S., Alfredsson, H. A., Hem, C. P., Balogh, Z. I., Dideriksen, K., Oskarsson, N., Sigfusson, B., Larsen, G., Stipp, S. L. S., (2011), Characterization of Eyjafjallajokull volcanic ash particles and a protocol for rapid risk assessment, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(18), 7307-7312, 10.1073/pnas.1015053108
• Horwell, C. J., Stannett, G. W., Andronico, D., Bertagnini, A., Fenoglio, I., Fubini, B., Le Blond, J. S., Williamson, B. J., (2010), A physico-chemical assessment of the health hazard of Mt. Vesuvius volcanic ash, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 191(3-4), 222-232, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.01.014
• Horwell, C. J., Le Blond, J. S., Michnowicz, S. A. K., Cressey, G., (2010), Cristobalite in a rhyolitic lava dome: Evolution of ash hazard, Bulletin of Volcanology, 72, 249–253, 10.1007/s00445-009-0327-1
• Reich, M., Zúñiga, A., Amigo, Á., Vargas, G., Morata, D., Palacios, C., Ángel Parada, M., Garreaud, R. D. , (2009), Formation of cristobalite nanofibers during explosive volcanic eruptions, Geology, 37(5), 435-438, 10.1130/G25457A.1
• Le Blond, J. S., Cressey, G., Horwell, C. J., Williamson, B. J., (2009), A rapid method for quantifying single mineral phases in heterogeneous natural dust using X-ray diffraction, Powder Diffraction, 24(1), 17- 23, 10.1154/1.3077941
• Martin, R. S., Mather, T. A., Pyle, D. M., Power, M., Allen, A. G., Aiuppa, A., Horwell, C. J., Ward, E. P. W., (2008), Chemical and morphological characterisation of volcanic aerosols and nanoparticles from Mt Etna, Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 113, D17, Art. No. D17211, 10.1029/2007JD009648
• Horwell, C. J., Fenoglio, I., Fubini, B., (2007), Iron-induced hydroxyl radical generation from basaltic volcanic ash, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 261(3-4), 662-669, 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.032
• Wendlandt, R. F., Harrison, W. J., Vaughan, D. J., (2007), Surface coatings on quartz grains in bentonites and their relevance to human health, Applied Geochemistry, 22(11), 2290-2306, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.04.019
• Horwell, C. J., (2007), Grain size analysis of volcanic ash for the rapid assessment of respiratory health hazard, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 9(10), 1107 - 1115, 10.1039/B710583P
• Rose, W. I., Riley, C. M., Dartevelle, S., (2003), Sizes and shapes of 10-Ma distal fall pyroclasts in the Ogallala Group, Nebraska, Journal of Geology, 111(1), 115-124, 10.1086/344668
• Horwell, C. J., Fenoglio, I., Ragnarsdottir, K. V., Sparks, R. S. J., Fubini, B., (2003), Surface reactivity of volcanic ash from the eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, with implications for health hazards, Environmental Research, 93(2), 202-215, 10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00044-6
• Horwell, C. J., Sparks, R. S. J., Brewer, T. S., Llewellin, E. W., Williamson, B. J., (2003), The characterisation of respirable volcanic ash from the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, with implications for health hazard, Bulletin of Volcanology, 65, 346-362, 10.1007/s00445-002-0266-6
• Gomez, D., Smichowski, P., Polla, G., Ledesma, A., Resnizky, S., Rosa, S., (2002), Fractionation of elements by particle size of ashes ejected from Copahue Volcano, Argentina, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4(6), 972-977, 10.1039/B207080B
• Baxter, P. J., Bonadonna, C., Dupree, R., Hards, V. L., Kohn, S. C., Murphy, M. D., Nichols, A., Nicholson, R. A., Norton, G., Searl, A., Sparks, R. S. J., Vickers, B. P., (1999), Cristobalite in Volcanic Ash of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies, Science, 283(5405), 1142-1145, 10.1126/science.283.5405.1142
• Dollberg, D. D., Bolyard, M. L., Smith, D. L. , (1986), Evaluation of physical health effects due to volcanic hazards: crystalline silica in Mount St. Helens volcanic ash , American Journal of Public Health, 76(suppl), 53-58, 10.2105/AJPH.76.Suppl.53
• Olsen, K. B., Fruchter, J. S., (1986), Identification of the physical and chemical characteristics of volcanic hazards, American Journal of Public Health, 76(Suppl), 45-52, 10.2105/AJPH.76.Suppl.45
• Yano, E., Takeuchi, A., Nishii, S., Koizumi, A., Poole, A., Brown, R. C., Johnson, N. F., Evans, P. H., Yukiyama, Y. , (1985), In vitro biological effects of volcanic ash from Mount Sakurajima, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 16(1), 127-35., 10.1080/15287398509530724

Leaching, Physicochemical or geochemical, Toxicological

• Schiavo, B., Meza-Figueroa, D, Morton-Bermea, O., Angulo-Molina, A, González-Grijalva, B, Armienta, M. A., Inguaggiato, C, Berrellez-Reyes, F, Valera-Fernández, D, (2024), Metal(loid) bioaccessibility and risk assessment of ashfall deposit from Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 46(9), 354, 10.1007/s10653-024-02135-8
• Tomašek, I., Damby, D. E., Horwell, C. J., Ayris, P. M., Delmelle, P., Ottley, C. J., Cubillas, P., Casas, A. S., Bisig, C., Petri-Fink, A., (2019), Assessment of the potential for in-plume sulphur dioxide gas-ash interactions to influence the respiratory toxicity of volcanic ash, Environmental Research, 179, 108873, 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108798
• Damby, D. E., Horwell, C. J., Baxter, P. J., Delmelle, P., Donaldson, K., Dunster, C., Fubini, B., Murphy, F. A., Nattrass, C., Sweeney, S., Tetley, T. D., Tomatis, M., (2013), The respiratory health hazard of tephra from the 2010 Centennial eruption of Merapi with implications for occupational mining of deposits, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 261, 376-387, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.09.001
• Horwell, C. J., Baxter, P. J., Hillman, S. E., Calkins, J. A., Damby, D. E., Delmelle, P., Donaldson, K., Dunster, C., Kelly, F. J., Le Blond, J. S., Livi, K. J., Murphy, F. A., Nattrass, C., Sweeney, S., Tetley, T. D., Thordarson, T., Tomatis, M., (2013), Physicochemical and toxicological profiling of ash from the 2010 and 2011 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull and Grímsvötn volcanoes, Iceland using a rapid respiratory hazard assessment protocol, Environmental Research, 127, 63-73, 10.1016/j.envewa.2013.08.011
• Le Blond, J. S., Horwell, C. J., Baxter, P. J., Michnowicz, S. A. K., Tomatis, M., Fubini, B., Delmelle, P., Dunster, C., Patia, H., (2010), Mineralogical analyses and in vitro screening tests for the rapid evaluation of the health hazard of volcanic ash at Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea, Bulletin of Volcanology, 72, 1077-1092, 10.1007/s00445-010-0382-7

Leaching

• Ruggieri, F., Forte, G., Bocca, B., Casentini, B., Petrangeli, A. B., Salatino. A., Gimeno, D., (2023), Potentially harmful elements released by volcanic ash of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption (Cumbre Vieja, La Palma Island, Spain): Implications for human health, Science of the Total Environment, 905, 167103, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167103
• Tomašek, I., Damby, D. E., Stewart, C., Horwell, C. J., Plumlee, G. S., Ottley, C. J., Delmelle, P., Morman, S., Yazidia, S. E., Claeys, P., Kervyn, M., Elskens, M., Leermakers, M., (2021), Development of a simulated lung fluid leaching method to assess the release of potentially toxic elements from volcanic ash., Chemosphere, 278, 130303, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130303
• Barone, G., De Giudici, G., Gimeno, D., Lanzafame, G., Podda, F., Cannas, C., Giuffrida, A., Barchitta, M., Agodi, A., Mazzoleni, P., (2021), Surface reactivity of Etna volcanic ash and evaluation of health risks, Science of the Total Environment, 761, 143248, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143248
• Stewart, C., Damby, D. E., Tomašek, I., Horwell, C. J., (2021), Experimental design and data relevance in a volcanic ash-leachate health study: Letter to the Editor re. Barone et al. (2021) ‘Surface reactivity of Etna volcanic ash and evaluation of health risks’ (STOTEN-143248), Science of the Total Environment, 804, 150076, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150076
• Stewart, C., Damby, D. E., Tomašek, I., Horwell, C. J., Plumlee, G. S., Armienta, M. A., Hinojosa, M. G. R., Appleby, M., Delmelle, P., Cronin, S., Ottley, C. J., Oppenheimer, C., Morman, S., (2020), Assessment of leachable elements in volcanic ashfall: a review and evaluation of a standardized protocol for ash hazard characterization, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 392, 106756, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106756

Physicochemical or geochemical, Toxicological

• Eychenne, J., Gurioli, L., Damby, D. E., Belville, C., Schiavi, F., Marceau, G., Szczepaniak, C., Blavignac, C., Laumonier, M., Gardés, E., Le Pennec, J-L., Nedelec, J-M., Blanchon, L., Sapin, V., (2022), Spatial distribution and physicochemical properties of respirable volcanic ash from the 16-17 August 2006 Tungurahua eruption (Ecuador), and alveolar epithelium response in-vitro, GeoHealth, e2022GH000680, 10.1029/2022GH000680, Pre-proof. Citation may need updating

Reviews/ Overviews

• Stewart, C., Damby, D. E., Horwell, C. J., Elias, T., Ilyinskaya, E., Tomašek, I., Longo, B. M., Schmidt, A., Carlsen, H. K., Mason, E., Baxter, P. J., Cronin, S. J., Witham, C. S., (2022), Volcanic air pollution and human health: recent advances and future directions, Bulletin of Volcanology, 84, 11, 10.1007/s00445-021-01513-9
• Gudmundsson, G., Finnbjornsdottir, R. G., Jóhannsson, T., Rafnsson, V., (2019), Air pollution in Iceland and the effects on human health. Review, Laeknabladid, 105(10), 443-452, 10.17992/lbl.2019.10.252, Article in Icelandic (English abstract)
• Sierra-Vargas, M. P., Vargas-Domínguez, C., Bobadilla-Lozoya, K., Aztatzi-Aguilar, O. G., (2018), Health impact of volcanic emissions., Volcanoes: Geological and Geophysical Setting, Theoretical Aspects and Numerical Modeling, Applications to Industry and Their Impact on the Human Health, Intech, 263-284, 10.5772/intechopen.73283, Aiello, G.
• Longo, B. M., Longo, A. A., (2013), Volcanic ash in the air we breathe, Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 8, 52, 10.1186/2049-6958-8-52
• Weinhold, B., (2013), Volcanic Aash and the respiratory immune system - Possible mechanisms behind reported infections, Environmental Health Perspectives, 121, 6, a197, 10.1289/ehp.121-a19
• Weinstein, P., Horwell, C. J., Cook, A., (2013), Volcanic emissions and health, Essentials of Medical Geology, Springer Netherlands, 217-238, 10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_10
• Ernst, W. G., (2012), Overview of naturally occurring Earth materials and human health concerns, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 59, 108-126, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.05.030
• Grob, E., Oyarzún, M., Cavieres, I., Zarges, P., Bustamante, G., (2012), Are volcanic ashes a risk for the respiratory health? A review apropos of volcanic eruption of Cordon Caulle, Chile in June 2011, Revista chilena de enfermedades respiratorias, 28(4), 294-302, 10.4067/S0717-73482012000400005 , Article in Spanish
• Gudmundsson, G., (2011), Respiratory health effects of volcanic ash with special reference to Iceland. A review, Clinical Respiratory Journal, 5(1), 2-9, 10.1111/j.1752-699X.2010.00231.x
• Cook, A., Weinstein, P., (2011), Volcanic and Geothermal Processes: Health effects, Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, 664-671, 10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00157-4
• Selinus, O., Weinstein, P., (2010), Eyjafjallajokull 2010: Health effects of the volcanic eruption, Geologiskt Forum, 67(17), 18-19
• Mascarenhas, S., Mattoso, L. H., (2010), Volcanic ash should not be presumed harmless in long term, Nature, 465(7295), 157, 10.1038/465157b, Non-peer reviewed
• Gudmundsson, G., (2010), Respiratory health effects of volcanic ash with special reference to Iceland. A review, The Clinical Respiratory Journal, 5, 2-9, 10.1111/j.1752-699X.2010.00231.x
• Heggie, T. W., (2009), Geotourism and volcanoes: health hazards facing tourists at volcanic and geothermal destinations, Travel Med Infect Dis, 7(5), 257-61, 10.1016/j.tmaid.2009.06.002
• Fubini, B., Fenoglio, I., (2007), Toxic potential of mineral dusts, Elements, 3(6), 407-414, 10.2113/GSELEMENTS.3.6.407
• Zuskin, E., Mustajbegovic, J., Doko Jelinic, J., Pucarin Cvetković, J., Milosevic, M., (2007), Effects of volcanic eruptions on environment and health, Arh Hig Rada Toksikol, 58, 479-86, 10.2478/v10004-007-0041-3, Article in Croatian
• Trevisanato, S. I., (2007), Medical papyri describe the effects of the Santorini eruption on human health, and date the eruption to August 1603–March 1601 BC, Medical Hypotheses, 68(2), 446-449, 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.06.059
• Hansell, A., Horwell, C. J., Oppenheimer, C., (2006), The health hazards of volcanoes and geothermal areas, Occupational Environmental Medicine, 63(2), 149-156, 10.1136/oem.2005.022459
• Horwell, C. J., Baxter, P. J., (2006), The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash: a review for volcanic risk mitigation, Bulletin of Volcanology, 69, 1-24, 10.1007/s00445-006-0052-y
• Trevisanato, S. I., (2006), Six medical papyri describe the effects of Santorini's volcanic ash, and provide Egyptian parallels to the so-called biblical plagues, Medical Hypotheses, 67(1), 187-190, 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.008
• Durand, M., Grattan, J., (2001), Effects of volcanic air pollution on health, Lancet, 357(9251), 164-164, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03586-8
• Weinstein, P., Patel, A., (1997), The Mount Ruapehu eruption, 1996: a review of potential health effects, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 21(7), 773-778, 10.1111/j.1467-842X.1997.tb01794.x
• Baxter, P. J., (1997), Volcanoes, Volcanoes, The public health consequences of disasters, Oxford University Press, 179-205, Noji, E.K.
• Zeballos, J. L., Meli, R., Vilchis, A., Barrios, L., (1996), The effects of volcanoes on health: preparedness in Mexico, World Health Statistics Quarterly, 49(3-4), 204-8
• Nania, J. M., Rodriguez Garcia, M., Fruchter, J. S., Olsen, K. B., Hooper, P. R., (1994), In the shadow of El Chichon: an overview of the medical impact of the 28 March to 4 April 1982 eruptions of the Mexican volcano, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 9(1), 58-66, 10.1017/S1049023X00040863
• Bernstein, R. S., Baxter, P. J., Buist, A. S., (1986), Introduction to the epidemiological aspects of explosive volcanism, American Journal of Public Health, 76(Suppl), 3-9, 10.2105/AJPH.76.Suppl.3
• Newhall, C. G., Fruchter, J. S., (1986), Volcanic activity: a review for health professionals, American Journal of Public Health, 76(Suppl), 10-24, 10.2105/AJPH.76.Suppl.10
• Craighead, J. E., Adler, K. B., Butler, G. B., Emerson, R. J., Mossman, B. T., Woodworth, C. D., (1983), Biology of disease. Health effects on Mount St. Helens volcanic dust, Laboratory Investigation, 48(1), 5-12

Modelling

• Toulkeridis, T., Seqqat, R., Torres Arias, M., Salazar-Martinez, R., Ortiz-Prado, E., Chunga, S., Vizuete, K., Heredia-R, M., Debut, A., (2021), Volcanic ash as a precursor for SARS-CoV-2 infection among susceptible populations in Ecuador: a satellite imaging and excess mortality-based analysis, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1-13, 10.1017/dmp.2021.154
• Barsotti, S., Andronico, D., Neri, A., Del Carlo, P., Baxter, P. J., Aspinall, W. P., Hincks, T. K., (2010), Quantitative assessment of volcanic ash hazards for health and infrastructure at Mt. Etna (Italy) by numerical simulation, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 192(1-2), 85-96, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.02.011

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance, Personal, ambient & remote monitoring/sensing, Physicochemical or geochemical

• Nieto-Torres, A., Martin-Del Pozzo, A. L., (2021), Ash emission from a long-lived eruption at Popocatépetl volcano and mapped respiratory effects, Bulletin of Volcanology, 83, 68, 10.1007/s00445-021-01490-z

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance

• Mueller, W., Cowie, H. A., Horwell, C. J., Baxter, P. J., McElvenny, D., Booth, M., Cullinan, P., Jarvis, D., Ugarte, C., Inoue, H., (2020), Standardised epidemiological protocols for populations affected by volcanic eruptions, Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 98(5), 362–364, 10.2471/BLT.19.244509
• Tyas, N. M. W., Indawati, R., (2019), An overview of acute respiratory infection cases before and after exposure to volcanic ash, Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, 7(3), 233-240, 10.20473/jbe.V7I32019.234-241
• Carlsen, H. K., Hauksdottir, A., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., Gislason, T., Einarsdottir, G., Runolfsson, H., Briem, H. , Finnbjornsdottir, R. G., Gudmundsson, S., Kolbeinsson, T. B., Thorsteinsson, T., Pétursdóttir, G., (2012), Health effects following the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption: a cohort study, BMJ Open, 2:e001851, 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001851
• Newnham, R. M., Dirks, K. N., Samaranayake, D., (2010), An investigation into long-distance health impacts of the 1996 eruption of Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand, Atmospheric Environment, 44(12), 1568-1578, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.040
• Rojas-Ramos, M., Catalan-Vazquez, M., Martin-Del Pozzo, A. L., Garcia-Ojeda, E., Villalba-Caloca, J., Perez-Neria, J., (2001), A seven months prospective study of the respiratory effects of exposure to ash from Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 23, 379-392, 10.1023/A:1012244311557
• Malilay, J., Real, M. G., Ramirez-Vanegas, A., Noji, E., Sinks, T., (1996), Public health surveillance after a volcanic eruption: lessons from Cerro Negro, Nicaragua, 1992, Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, 30(3), 218- 26, 10.1590/S1020-49891997000300008
• Buist, A. S., Vollmer, W. M., Johnson, L. R., Bernstein, R. S., McCamant, L. E., (1986), A four-year prospective study of the respiratory effects of volcanic ash from Mt. St. Helens, American Review of Respiratory Disease, 133(4), 526-534, 10.1164/arrd.1986.133.4.526
• Yano, E., Nishii, S., Yokoyama, Y., (1986), Chronic pulmonary effects of volcanic ash: An epidemiologic study, Archives of Environmental Health, 41(2), 94-99, 10.1080/00039896.1986.9937416
• Buist, A. S., Johnson, L. R., Vollmer, W. M., Sexton, G. J., Kanarek, P. H., (1983), Acute effects of volcanic ash from Mount Saint Helens on lung function in children, American Review of Respiratory Disease, 127, 714-719, 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.6.714
• Johnson, K. A., Loftsgaarden, D. O., Gideon, R. A., (1982), The effects of Mount St. Helens ash on the pulmonary function of 120 elementary school children, American Review of Respiratory Disease, 126, 1066-1069, 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.6.1066

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance, Modelling

• Mueller, W., Cowie, H. A., Horwell, C. J., Hurley, F., Baxter, P. J., (2020), Health Impact Assessment of volcanic ash inhalation: A comparison with outdoor air pollution methods, GeoHealth, 4(7), e2020GH000256, 10.1029/2020GH000256

Leaching, Physicochemical or geochemical

• Wygel, C. M., Peters, S. C., McDermott, J. M., Sahagian, D. L., (2019), Bubbles and dust: Experimental results of dissolution rates of metal salts and glasses from volcanic ash deposits in terms of surface area, chemistry, and human health impacts, GeoHealth, 3(11), 338-355, 10.1029/2018GH000181
• Cronin, S. J., Stewart, C., Zernack, A., Brenna, M., Procter, J. N., Pardo, N., Christenson, B., Wilson, T., Stewart, R. B., Irwin, M., (2014), Volcanic ash leachate compositions and assessment of health and agricultural hazards from 2012 hydrothermal eruptions, Tongariro, New Zealand, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 286, 233-247, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.07.002
• Atanga, M. B. S., Van der Meerve, A. S., Shemamg, E. M., Suh, C. E., Kruger, W., Njome, M. S., Asobe, N. E., (2013), Volcanic Ash from the 1999 Eruption of Mount Cameroon Volcano: Characterization and Implications to Health Hazards, African Journals Online, 8(2-3), 63-70, N/A
• Cronin, S. J., Sharp, D. S., (2002), Environmental impacts on health from continuous volcanic activity at Yasur (Tanna) and Ambrym, Vanuatu, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 12(2), 109-123, 10.1080/09603120220129274

Toxicological

• Tomašek, I., Horwell, C. J., Bisig, C., Damby, D. E., Comte, P., Czerwinskid, J., Petri-Fink, A., Clift, M. J. D., Drasler, B., Rothen-Rutishauser, B., (2018), Respiratory hazard assessment of combined exposure to complete gasoline exhaust and respirable volcanic ash in a multicellular human lung model at the air-liquid interface, Environmental Pollution, 238: 977-987, 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.115
• Damby, D. E., Horwell, C. J., Baxter, P. J., Kueppers, U., Schnurr, M., Dingwell, D. B., Duewell, P., (2018), Volcanic Ash Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Murine and Human Macrophages, Frontiers in Immunology, 8: 2000, 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02000
• Damby, D. E., Horwell, C. J., Larsen, G., Thordarson, T., Tomatis, M., Fubini, B., Donaldson, K., (2017), Assessment of the potential respiratory hazard of volcanic ash from future Icelandic eruptions: a study of archived basaltic to rhyolitic ash samples, Environmental Health, 16: 98, 10.1186/s12940-017-0302-9, Also Physicochemical sub-category - can we have two?
• Nattrass, C., Horwell, C. J., Damby, D. E., Brown, D., Stone, V., (2017), The effect of aluminium and sodium impurities on the cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of cristobalite, Environmental Research, 159: 164-175, 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.054
• Lähde, A., Gudmundsdottir, S. S., Joutsensaari, J., Tapper, U., Ruusunen, J., Ihalainen, M., Karhunen, T., Torvela, T., Jokiniemi, J., Järvinen, K., Gislason, S. R., Briem, H. , Gizurarson, S., (2013), In vitro evaluation of pulmonary deposition of airborne volcanic ash, Atmospheric Environment, 70, 18-27, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.12.048
• Agopyan, N., Head, J., Yu, S., Simon, S. A., (2004), TRPV1 receptors mediate particulate matter- induced apoptosis, American Journal of Physiological: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 286(3), L563-72, 10.1152/ajplung.00299.2003
• Huang, Y. C., Li, Z., Harder, S. D., Soukup, J. M., (2004), Apoptotic and inflammatory effects induced by different particles in human alveolar macrophages, Inhalation Toxicology, 16(14), 863-878, 10.1080/08958370490519480
• BéruBé, K. A., Jones, T. P., Housley, D. G., Richards, R. J., (2004), The respiratory toxicity of airborne volcanic ash from the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, Mineralogical Magazine, 68(1), 47-60, 10.1180/0026461046810170
• Samukawa, T., Arasidani, K., Hori, H., Hirano, H., Arima, T., (2003), c-jun mRNA expression and profilin mRNA amplification in rat alveolar macrophages exposed to volcanic ash and sulfur dioxide, Industrial Health, 41(4), 313-319, 10.2486/indhealth.41.313
• Veronesi, B., de Haar, C., Lee, L., Oortgiesen, M., (2002), The surface charge of visible particulate matter predicts biological activation in human bronchial epithelial cells, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 178(3), 144-54, 10.1006/taap.2001.9341
• Bonner, J. C., Rice, A. B., Lindroos, P. M., O'Brian, P. O., Dreher, K. L., Rosas, I., Alfaro-Moreno, E., Osornio-Vargas, A. R., (1998), Induction of the lung myofibroblast PDGF receptor system by urban ambient particles in Mexico city, American Journal of Respiratory Cell Molecular Biology, 19, 672-680., 10.1165/ajrcmb.19.4.3176
• Alabado, K. L. P., Alviedo, N. J. B., Amosco, M. L., Campos, R. A. O., Clemente, E. M. E. L., Cruz, G., Cruz, L. M. P. , de Luna, J. C., Dequina, M. T. B., Geronimo, O. O., Guanzon, M. D. A. , Limgenco, T. E. P. , Navarro, A., Magno, M. A. A. , Samonte, M. V. A., Santiago, C. F. A., Taruc, C. P. G., (1993), The histopathologic effects of 24-hour and 144-hour exposure to Mt. Pinatubo ash on the respiratory system of rats, Acta Medica Philippina, 29(2) 65-70
• Kariya, M., Goto, M., Hasui, K., Yamamoto, N., Tahiro, Y. , Sato, E., (1992), Is there any effect of volcanic eruptions of Mount Sakurajima on canine lungs exposed naturally? – Morphometric analysis of intrapulmonary particulate deposit amount and histopathological investigations, Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 167, 197-205, 10.1620/tjem.167.197
• Warheit, D. B., Overby, L. H., George, G., Brody, A. R., (1988), Pulmonary macrophages are attracted to inhaled particles through complement activation, Experimental Lung Research, 14(1), 51-66, 10.3109/01902148809062850
• Martin, T. R., Wehner, A. P., Butler, J., (1986), Evaluation of physical health effects due to volcanic hazards - the use of experimental systems to estimate the pulmonary toxicity of volcanic ash, American Journal of Public Health, 76(suppl), 59-65, 10.2105/AJPH.76.Suppl.59
• Wehner, A. P., Dagle, G. E. , Clark, M. L. , Buschbom, R. L. , (1986), Lung changes in rats following inhalation exposure to volcanic ash for two years, Environmental Research, 40, 499–517, 10.1016/S0013-9351(86)80125-6
• Grose, E. C., Grady, M. A., Illing, J. W., Daniels, M. J., Selgrade, M. K., Hatch, G. E., (1985), Inhalation studies of Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash in animals: III. Host Defense Mechanisms, Environmental Research, 37, 84-92, 10.1016/0013-9351(85)90051-9
• Raub, J. A., Hatch, G. E., Mercer, R. R., Grady, M., Hu, P.-C., (1985), Inhalation studies of Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash in animals: II. Lung function, biochemistry and histology, Environmental Research, 37, 72-83, 10.1016/0013-9351(85)90050-7
• Wiester, M. J., Setzer, C. J., Barry, B. E., Mercer, R. R., Grady, M. A., (1985), Inhalation studies of Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash in animals: Respiratory mechanics, airway reactivity and deposition, Environmental Research, 36, 230-240., 10.1016/0013-9351(85)90020-9
• Adler, K. B., Mossman, B. T., Butler, G. B., Jean, L. M. , Craighead, J. E., (1984), Interaction of Mount St. Helens’ volcanic ash with cells of the respiratory epithelium, Environmental Research, 35, 346–361., 10.1016/0013-9351(84)90142-7
• Vallyathan, V., Robinson, V., Reasor, M., Stettler, L. E., Bernstein, R., (1984), Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity of volcanic ashes from Mount St Helens, El Chichon, and Galunggung, Journal of Toxicological Environmental Health, 14(5-6), 641-654, 10.1080/15287398409530614
• Shirakawa, M., Fukushuma, R., Kyushima, K., (1984), Experimental studies on the effects of Mt. Sakurajima volcanic ashes on the respiratory organs, Japanese Journal of Industrial Health, 26(2), 130- 146, Article in Japanese (English abstract)
• Kornbrust, D. J., Hatch, G. E., (1984), Effect of silica and volcanic ash on the content of lung alveolar and tissue phospholipids, Environmental Research, 35, 140-153, 10.1016/0013-9351(84)90121-X
• Wehner, A. P., Wilkerson, C. L., Stevens, D. L. , (1984), Lung clearance of neutron-activated Mount St. Helens ash in the rat, Environmental Research, 35, 211-217, 10.1016/0013-9351(84)90129-4
• Martin, T. R., Ayars, G., Butler, J., Altman, L. C., (1984), The comparative toxicity of volcanic ash and quartz. Effects on cells derived from the human lung, American Review of Respiratory Disease, 130(5), 778-782, 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.5.778
• Martin, T. R., Chi, E. Y., Covert, D. S., Hodson, W. A., Kessler, D. E., Moore, W. E., Altman, L. C., Butler, J., (1983), Comparative effects of inhaled volcanic ash and quartz in rats, American Review of Respiratory Disease, 128(1), 144-152., 10.1164/arrd.1983.128.1.144
• Vallyathan, V., Mentnech, M. S., Stettler, L. E., Dollberg, D. D., Green, F. H., (1983), Mount St. Helens' volcanic ash: hemolytic activity, Environmental Research, 30, 349-360, 10.1016/0013-9351(83)90220-7
• Vallyathan, V., Mentnech, M. S., Tucker, J. H., Green, F. H., (1983), Pulmonary response to Mount St. Helens’ volcanic ash, Environmental Research, 30, 361-371, 10.1016/0013-9351(83)90221-9
• Sanders, C. L., Rhoads, K., Mahaffey, J. A., (1983), Long-term reactivity of lung and mediastinal lymph nodes following intratracheal instillation of sandy loam soil of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash, Environmental Research, 32, 188-198, 10.1016/0013-9351(83)90205-0
• Akematsu, T, Dodson, R. F., Williams, M. C., Hurst, G. A., (1982), The short-term effects of volcanic ash on the small airways of the respiratory system, Environmental Research, 29, 358–370, 10.1016/0013-9351(82)90037-8
• Sanders, C. L., Conklin, A. W., Gelman, R. A., Adee, R. R., Rhoads, K., (1982), Pulmonary toxicity of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash, Environmental Research, 27, 118-135, 10.1016/0013-9351(82)90063-9

Toxicological

• Damby, D. E., Murphy, F. A., Horwell, C. J., Raftis, J., Donaldson, K., (2016), The in vitro respiratory toxicity of cristobalite-bearing volcanic ash, Environmental Research, 145: 74-84, 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.020
• Beck, B. D., Brain, J. D., Bohannon, D. E., (1982), The pulmonary toxicity of an ash sample from the Mount St. Helens volcano, Experimental Lung Research, 2, 289-301, 10.3109/01902148109052324

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance, Physicochemical or geochemical

• Baxter, P. J., Searl, A., Cowie, H. A., Jarvis, D., Horwell, C. J., (2014), Evaluating the respiratory health risks of volcanic ash at the eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, 1995-2010, The Eruption of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat from 2000 to 2010, Memoir of the Geological Society of London , Geological Society of London, Chapter 22; 39: 407-425, 10.1144/M39.22, Wadge, G. , Robertson, R., Voight, B.
• Censi, P., Zuddas, P., Randazzo, L. A., Tamburo, E., Speziale, S., Cuttitta, A., Punturo, R., Aricò, P., Santagata, R., (2011), Source and nature of inhaled atmospheric dust from trace element analyses of human bronchial fluids, Environmental Science & Technology, 45(15), 6262-6267, 10.1021/es200539p

Personal, ambient & remote monitoring/sensing, Physicochemical or geochemical

• Thorsteinsson, T., Jóhannsson, T., Stohl, A., Kristiansen, N. I., (2012), High levels of particulate matter in Iceland due to direct ash emissions by the Eyjafjallajökull eruption and resuspension of deposited ash, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117(B1), 10.1029/2011JB008756
• Schäfer, K., Thomas, W., Peters, A., Ries, L., Obleitner, F., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Birmili, W., Diemer, J., Fricke, W., Junkermann, W., Pitz, M., Emeis, S., Forkel, R., Suppan, P., Flentje, H., Wichmann, H. E., Gilge, S., Meinhardt, F., Zimmermann, R., Weinhold, K., Soentgen, J., Münkel, C., Freuer, C., Cyrys, J., (2011), Influences of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic plume on air quality in the northern Alpine region, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 11(3), 9083-9132, 10.5194/acp-11-8555-2011
• Benke, R. R., Hooper, D. M., Durham, J. S., Bannon, D. R., Compton, K. L., Necsoiu, M., McGinnis, R. N., JR., (2009), Measurement of airborne particle concentrations near the Sunset Crater Volcano, Arizona, Health Physics, 96(2), 97-117, 10.1097/01.HP.0000326447.78879.bf
• Martin, R. S., Mather, T. A., Pyle, D. M., Power, M., Tsanev, V. I., Oppenheimer, C., Allen, A. G., Horwell, C. J., Ward, E. P. W., (2009), Size distributions of fine silicate and other particles in Masaya's volcanic plume, Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 114(D09217), 1-13, 10.1029/2008JD011211
• Kullman, G. J., Jones, W. G., Cornwell, R. J., Parker, J. E., (1994), Characterization of air contaminants formed by the interaction of lava and sea water, Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(5), 478-482, 10.1289/ehp.94102478

Reviews/ Overviews

• Jones, N. E., Baker, M. D., (2012), Toxicologic Exposures Associated With Natural Disasters: Gases, Kerosene, Ash, and Bites, Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 13(4), 317-323, 10.1016/j.cpem.2012.09.002
• Cook, A. G., Weinstein, P., Centeno, J. A., (2005), Health effects of natural dust, Biological Trace Element Research, 103, 1-15, 10.1385/BTER:103:1:001
• Buist, A. S., Berstein, R. S., (1986), Health effects of volcanoes: an approach to evaluating the health effects of an environmental hazard, American Journal of Public Health, 76(suppl), 1-2

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance, Modelling, Physicochemical or geochemical

• Censi, P., Tamburo, E., Speziale, S., Zuddas, P., Randazzo, L. A., Punturo, R., Cuttitta, A., Aricò, P., (2011), Yttrium and lanthanides in human lung fluids, probing the exposure to atmospheric fallout, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186(2), 1103-1110, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.113

Physicochemical or geochemical

• Budianta, W., (2011), The potential impact of ash Merapi Volcano eruption 2010 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, for the environment and human health, Journal of Applied Geology, 3(2), 111-115, 10.22146/jag.7187
• Nicol, E. R. , Lee, E. S., Murrow, P. J., (1985), Respirable Crystalline Silica in Ash Erupted from Galunggung Volcano, Indonesia, 1982, Atmospheric Environment, 19(7), 1027-1028, 10.1016/0004-6981(85)90185-4

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance, Personal, ambient & remote monitoring/sensing

• Elliot, A. J., Singh, N., Loveridge, P., Harcourt, S., Smith, S., Pnaiser, R., Kavanagh, K., Robertson, C., Ramsay, C. N., McMenamin, J., Kibble, A., Kibble, A., Ibbotson, S., Catchpole, M., McCloskey, B., Smith, G. E. , (2010), Syndromic surveillance to assess the potential public health impact of the Icelandic volcanic ash plume across the United Kingdom, April 2010, Eurosurveillance, 15(23), 6-9, 10.2807/ese.15.23.19583-en
• Gordian, M. E., Ozkaynak, H., Xue, J. P., Morris, S. S., Spengler, J. D., (1996), Particulate air pollution and respiratory disease in Anchorage, Alaska, Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(3), 290-297, 10.1289/ehp.96104290

Social research

• Riede, F., Bazely, O., (2008), Testing the ‘Laacher See hypothesis’: a health hazard perspective, Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(3), 675-683, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.10.013

Modelling, Personal, ambient & remote monitoring/sensing

• Alparone, S., Andronico, D., Sgroi, T., Ferrari, F., Lodato, L., Reitano, D., (2007), Alert system to mitigate tephra fallout hazards at Mt. Etna Volcano, Italy, Natural Hazards, 43, 333–350, 10.1007/s11069-007-9120-7
• Hincks, T. K., Aspinall, W. P., Baxter, P. J., Searl, A., Sparks, R. S. J., Woo, G., (2006), Long term exposure to respirable volcanic ash on Montserrat: a time series simulation, Bulletin of Volcanology, 68(3), 266-284, 10.1007/s00445-005-0006-9

Leaching, Physicochemical or geochemical, Reviews/ Overviews

• Witham, C. S., Oppenheimer, C., Horwell, C. J., (2005), Volcanic ash leachates: a review and recommendations for sampling methods, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 141, 299- 326, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.010

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance, Personal, ambient & remote monitoring/sensing

• Gordian, M. E., Choudhury, A. H., (2003), PM10 and asthma medication in schoolchildren, Archives of Environmental Health, 58(1), 42-47, 10.3200/AEOH.58.1.42-47
• Choudhury, A. H., Gordian, M. E., Morris, S. S., (1997), Associations between respiratory illness and PM10 air pollution, Archives of Environmental Health, 52, 113-117, 10.1080/00039899709602873

Personal, ambient & remote monitoring/sensing

• Searl, A., Nicholl, A., Baxter, P. J., (2002), Assessment of the exposure of islanders to ash from the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(8), 523-531, 10.1136/oem.59.8.523

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance, Physicochemical or geochemical, Reviews/ Overviews

• Buist, A. S., Martin, T. R., Shore, J. H., Butler, J., Lybarger, J. A., (1986), The development of a multidisciplinary plan for evaluation of the long-term health effects of the Mount St. Helens eruptions, American Journal of Public Health, 76(Suppl), 39-44, 10.2105/AJPH.76.Suppl.39

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance, Reviews/ Overviews

• Buist, A. S., Bernstein, R. S., Johnson, L. R., Vollmer, W. M., (1986), Evaluation of physical health effects due to volcanic hazards: human studies, American Journal of Public Health, 76(Suppl), 66-75, 10.2105/AJPH.76.Suppl.66
• Buist, A. S., (1982), Are volcanoes hazardous to your health? What have we learned from Mount St Helens?, Western Journal of Medicine, 137(4), 294

Reviews/ Overviews, Toxicological

• Martin, T. R., Wehner, A. P., Butler, J., (1983), Pulmonary toxicity of Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash: a review of experimental studies, American Review of Respiratory Disease, 128, 158-162, 10.1164/arrd.1983.128.1.158

• Woods, D. C., Chuan, R. L., (1982), Fine particles in the Soufrière eruption plume, Science, 216(4550), 1118-1119, 10.1126/science.216.4550.1118

Epidemiological, clinical & surveillance, Physicochemical or geochemical, Reviews/ Overviews

• Merchant, J. A., Baxter, P. J., Bernstein, R. S., McCawley, M., Falk, H., Stein, G. F., Ing, R., Attfield, M., (1982), Health implications of the Mount St. Helens eruption: epidemiological considerations, Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 26, 911-919, 10.1093/annhyg/26.8.911